故事和环境

故事才是王道。

你关卡中的故事是否具有力量，这要取决于两个方面。环境的故事，角色在该环境中的故事，以及这两者之间的关系。（请点击此处阅读本文上篇）

故事是我们所记得的事物发生及结束过程。我们喜欢讲故事，也喜欢听故事。故事是我们通他人沟通和交流的最佳方式。我们并不在乎真相，如果要传授历史知识，通过讲故事的方法要比告诉我一些日期时间，以及我记不住的人名更有效。

在《求生之路2》发布时，我还在攻克《求生之路》的战役地图。我请女友来撰写关于Louis、Zoey、Bill和Francis这四个人在新奥尔良一路同丧尸作斗争的虚拟小说。

她写了这些人物出现在当地的原因，他们如何聚集到一起，他们为何相互支撑着活下去。他们每个人都有个独立的目标，需求和愿望。其中自然而然地提到了故事发生的环境。每个角色的背景就是由一系列事件和情况造就的。当他们宣布推出《求生之路2》时，我就放弃了自己的想法。

但这个举措对我来说却非常重要，极大开阔了我的眼界。虽然这个故事无法见到天日，但其中的深度却可贯穿至关卡设计。这一举措令我得以创造更有深度的角色和场景。

环境的故事

地点。

有些特定的环境更能传递恐惧感。例如，废弃的房子和旧旅馆房间就比全新的办公大楼更可怕。原因在于前者具有历史，含有过去居住其中的人遗留下的痕迹。而全新的环境却没有这些情况。所以我们在环境的故事中也可以看到恐怖片/恐怖游戏发生的一般规律。

要确定环境的以下要素：

*什么地点？

*什么背景？

*什么时间？哪个季节？

你想在此表达什么心情？要让环境补充故事，以及你所希望达到的意图。还要让环境推动故事向前发展。

收集参照图

这是一种技巧，可用于创造玩家与地点的情感联系。首先要自然引入环境，不要带有丧尸、连环杀手或你的设计中含有的恐怖元素。这个环境或许是角色工作的地方。

之后，待玩家熟悉这个地方后，在他们遇到恐怖事件时再重新把他们引进这一场所。

此时玩家会产生一种心理联系，鉴别这个场所。因为他们之前已经来过，对它很熟悉，而不是像初来乍到那样对它一无所知。

例如，在《英雄本色》（电影/游戏）的卧室中，Max Payne在游戏之后的环节又回到了那个地点 。

接下来就是创造恐怖环境和关卡设计的最重要环节。你得创造一种与玩家相关的环境，要让他们能够识别，以便感到有情况发生。

如果是上图这种情况，你就不一定要去过该地，也能够识别出来。因为多数人都知道伦敦大概什么样子，所以他们在《惊变28天》中也能够认出来。

只使用那些与你的游戏角色直接相关，以及支持故事发展的场所。如果你能够将一个场所同玩家联系起来，它就能够加强环境与玩家的联系。

实践：

*撰写一则游戏环境的故事。要想象你是在向好友讲故事。故事中有哪些人物，环境为何如此发展，为何所有人要离开？

*这个环境是如何造成的，其中发生了什么情况？

*想想其中的情感影响，以及这个故事如何为环境创造更多深度，并将其同角色和玩家联系起来。

关系

关系指的是玩家与其他角色、故事和环境之间的关联。在游戏中建立一种关系是极具挑战性的任务，在恐怖类游戏中尤其如此。没有太多游戏和电影能够巧妙处理这一点，而能够做到这一点的基本上是令人印象深刻的作品，并招来许多跟风之作。

我们很难不露痕迹地创造两个或更多角色之间的情感联系，因为建立关系需要时间。在电影中，我们常看到牵强的爱情故事，或家庭伦理故事。但很多时候我们并不在乎，因为在此要建立真正的关系根本就无从入手。所以这些故事看起来就像是事后再添加的一样。

要在游戏中插入一个强大，并且同玩家有关的联系是项极耗脑力和时间的工作。作为人类，我们总想与他们联系，我们希望分享自己的经历。

角色间的共同经历更易于让他们建立关系。有些强大的情感联系就是人们经过一些剧烈的事件而建立起来的。

任何共同的情感都会产生一些化学反应。例如悲伤，爱、兴奋和趣味等。如果你可以为正在体验游戏或地图的玩家引进其中任何一种情感，你就可以为他们创造一种情感联系。如果你尽早进行有效的铺垫，你就能够让用户沉浸其中。

最近还有许多游戏利用狗作为“伙伴”，其中原因之一是，狗更容易同玩家建立情感联系。这也是几年前的虚拟宠物如此盛行的原因。在电影中，我们可以看到成百上千万人死亡，但如果看到一只狗丧生我们就会觉得这是一个悲剧。例如电影《我是传奇》。

狗同玩家和角色之间的关系虽然也已经是一种过时的规律，但在电影游戏界仍然算是一种新颖的形式。例如《神鬼寓言2》、《辐射》等游戏中的主角与其四肢行走的伙伴之间都有强大的情感性关系。

那么在玩游戏过程中，你和动物之间已经建立深厚关系时，却发现因为前面有一个无法攀登的栅栏或牢不可破的玻璃墙，你和自己的狗不得不就此分离时，又该如何？

你只能眼睁睁，无可奈何地看着坏蛋或一群丧尸逼近并杀死你的狗。如果在此之前，你已经投入大量时间和精力玩游戏，你会有什么感想？

我不知道你会有什么反应，但我想象得到这种情景，也能感觉到这将发生什么情感影响。这就是你希望玩家体验的一种强大情感，这并不容易实现，但如果做到了，效果会很惊人。

在关卡设计中涉及建立情感这方面，我建议你参考以下原则：

*玩家同其他人类的关系要比同财物的关系更强大。我们通常会看到有人损失了一橦房子或汽车或一些财物，但实际上人只有失去了另一个人这种更重要的东西时，才更易于引起玩家的情感回应。

*如果我向你展示了一些创造悲伤情感的东西，并在该关卡之后环节中重新引进这一元素，你就会像初次看到它一样产生同样的反应。我现在可以用这一方法在关卡中重新激发你的同种情感。

例如，假如你是在《毁灭战士3》的洗手间这种场景中让玩家遭遇以下情景，那么他每次进入该洗手间，都会对这个环境产生一种心理反应。

《神鬼寓言1》和《神鬼寓言2》也是将角色重新引进他原来的出生地来实现这一效果。

*音乐可以创造出情感关系，并令其更为深厚。可以在你游戏的关键环节和高潮部分使用特定音乐，以加强玩家和角色之间的情感联系。

*角色同环境之间的关系可以发挥绝佳效果。例如，假如角色返回他们之前去过的环境，但现在环境发生了变化。

例如在《英雄本色》游戏刚开始时，主人公的妻子和孩子都被强闯家门的毒犯子杀死。在游戏后面，我们可以通过他的梦境回到这个场景。我们已经拥有同主人公的情感联系和对该场景的特定回应。这是一种令我们希望快速解决开场时所发生情况的强大动机。

要关注人的普遍情感，并创造使玩家融入其中的情境。这需要花费一些时间和精力。要了解你所处的情况，环境以及参与其中的角色。

道德决定

最后就是玩家在游戏中所做出的道德抉择。一般而言，道德是一个更改我们社会行为的规则系统，它要求我们行善而非作恶。

《求生之路》就是关于道德抉择的一个优秀典型。

你同其他4个人类玩家一起并肩作战时，通常就得针对团队做出一些决定。

要由谁最后摁下按钮召唤一群丧尸？你是否会等待最后一个玩家进入藏身房？你是否会关门让他们等死？你是否会不顾其他三名玩家的安危，跳出安全地带去救其中一名队友？

你们要并肩作战，如果一名角色走丢了，并受到丧尸攻击，作为玩家的你就要做出道德抉择，究竟是不管他们死活自己逃命，还是帮助他们从而让自己陷入险境？还要考虑你当时的命值、你离藏身房的距离，以及是否有其他玩家伸以援手等因素。

这一切都会影响到你所做的道德选择。我们很让自己作出决定，我们多数决定都要取决于其他人的境况以及一个特定的情境。

含有这种道德选择的游戏包括《神鬼寓言》以及《神鬼寓言2》，还有最新的PS3游戏《Infamous》。

在电影《惊变28周》中，当丧尸闯进藏身房的，主角就得决定离开还是陪在妻子身边。他和妻子都在同一个房间，但隔着丧尸。丧尸破门而入时，他就躲在门边，丧尸看到他妻子，但却没有发现他。

她看着自己的丈夫并向他呼救。这个主人公知道，如果他去施救就会死。这个时刻是其做出道德决定的最重要元素。他选择逃跑并将她关在门内。

在他逃跑过程中，我们可以看到他妻子趴在窗上无助地看着他远去的背景，任凭丧尸在她身后撕咬。这个场面令人难忘。

在《侠盗猎车手4》中有个任务拥有2种结果。在你同游戏中的两个角色建立良好关系后，你得到的任务就是杀死其中一人。PlayBoyX给你的一个任务是杀死他的好友，而后者正好也是你的朋友。在你去完成任务的路上，却接到你将杀之人打来的电话。他说自己需要你的帮助，因为他觉得PlayBoyX准备杀他。现在你就面临一个道德窘境了，你该杀谁？你会选择忠诚和友谊，还是选择金钱？

所以，你该如何让玩家开始同游戏和关卡产生更多情感联系？

*可以从向你的游戏、关卡设计引入选择入手，令其成为一个独特而罕见的地图。

*在玩家的路径中引进一个选择。

*让角色们分离。

*让角色们做出两难选择，让其中之一应对其他情况。

为某一情况下的玩家引进含有真正后果的选择

如果你已经建立了一种原先就成立的关系，并给予玩家一种会给游戏故事、环境和角色的幸福带来重大影响的选择，那么你就有望创造一种真正独特和具有情感影响力的游戏/关卡设计。

原文发表于2009年7月9日，所涉事件及数据以当时为准。（本文为游戏邦/gamerboom.com编译，拒绝任何不保留版权的转载，如需转载请联系：游戏邦）

Horror/Survival Level Design: Part 3 – Environment

Following series of articles are going to go in depth and explain how to create horror and bring fear in level and game design.

Story and Environment

This is part 3 out of 5.

Story is king.

The power of story in your level comes down to two things. The story of the environment; and character’s story in that environment. As well as the relationship between each other.

Story is what we remember after everything is done and over with. We love to tell stories. We love to listen to stories. There is no better way to communicate and to connect with someone.

We don’t care about facts. If you teach me history and just give me facts about dates and people I won’t remember it.

I was working on a Left 4 Dead campaign map before they announced L4D 2. I asked my girlfriend to write a fictional story of the 4 characters Louis, Zoey, Bill and Francis and what would be their story as they are fighting through infected in New Orleans.

She wrote why the characters were there, how they got together and why they would stay with each other to survive. Each of them had individual goals and their own needs and wants. The environment came together all by itself. Each character’s background created a set of circumstances and events. When they announced L4D, I had to scrap my idea.

Left 4 Dead 2

But, the exercise was very important eye opener for me. Even though the story may not have been shared in its entirety if my campaign saw the light of day. The depth would seep through the

level design. Doing that exercise helped me create more depth to the characters, and more depth to the environments.

I want to introduce to you another story.

Story of the environment.

Location.

There are certain environments that are more effective in communicating horror and fear then others. For example abandoned buildings and old hotel rooms are scarier then brand new office buildings. Reason is because they have history and past associated with them. There are traces of human history in the environments. Brand new spanking environment doesn’t have that. So we already are seeing traces of clichés in the story of the environments.

Identify the Environment

What is the location?

What is the setting?

Time of day? Season?

etc

What is the mood you want to communicate? The environment has to compliment the story and the purpose you are trying to achieve. It also has to drive the story forward.

Collect reference images.

Here is a technique you can use to create more of an emotional connection between the player and the location. First introduce the environment as it is, without the elements of infected, serial killer or the fear element you have in your design. Perhaps it’s a place they work in.

Then after the player is familiar with the place re-introduce them to it after they have encountered the horror.

What happens it this situation is the player has a physiological relationship, identification with the place. Because they were already there before, they associate and relate to it more then if you just throw them into a location with no background history.

For example the Max Payne bedroom. Both in the game and the movie, Max Payne comes back to that location later in the game.

Next is the most important aspect of creating an environment in horror and survival level design. You have to create an environment that players can relate to. They need to identify with the location in order to feel anything towards it.

Now, you don’t necessarily have to have visited the location, but being able to relate to it, is important. Most people know what London looks like and were able to relate to it in 28 Days Later.

Use locations only as it directly relates to the character in your game and if it supports the game’s story. If you can relate that location back to the player then it will strengthen the environment and player’s connection to it.

Exercise:

Write a story of your environment. Think as if you are telling a story to your friend. Who lived here? How did it get to be how it is? Why did everyone leave?

How it was created, what happened to it.

Think of the emotional impact and how this story can be used to create more depth in your environment and relate it back to the character and the player.

Relationship

Relationship refers to the connection that the player has to other characters, to the story and to the environment. Establishing a relationship in a game is very challenging thing to do.

It’s even more challenging to do so in a survival/horror genre. Not many games and movies have been able to pull this one off well. Those that do, are remembered and often imitated.

It is difficult to create emotional connection between two or more characters without seeming to force it. It takes time to establish and create relationships. In movies we often see a forced love story, or a family story. Often times we don’t even care, because there is no real connection there to begin with. It seems like it was created as an afterthought.

Pulling off a powerful relationship in game through which a player can relate to and connect to takes a bit of thought and time. As humans we want to connect to other people and we want to share experiences.

Nothing connects and establishes a relationship faster then a shared experience. Some of the strongest bonds that people have were established through a highly emotional circumstances.

Any shared emotion that releases chemicals. Sadness, love, excitement and fun are to name a few. If you can induce any of these emotions in a player while they are playing the game and your map, you will create an emotional connection. If you do this early enough and effective enough, you have the player hooked.

There have been many more games lately that have been using a dog as a “sidekick”. One of the reasons they do so, is because nothing more creates an emotional connection to the player then a dog. That is why few years ago virtual pets were so popular. In movies we could see thousand of people die, but if one dog dies it is a tragedy. Just look at I am Legend.

Now the dog relationship between the character and the player is becoming a cliche but it is still something new in videogames. Fable 2, Fall out. All of these have a strong connection between the character and their four-legged friend.

What if while playing the game and after having an established relationship to your canine, you find yourself split by an unclimbable fence or an unbreakable glass from your dog.

You would then see but unable to help when a villain or a horde of infected comes in and kills your canine friend. What if this happened after you have invested time and effort in playing the game for majority of the time.

I don’t know about you but just writing that makes me imaging the situation and I feel the emotional consequences of this. I would want to finish the game just to get to whoever was responsible. That is a strong emotional drive you want to try to induce into your players. Its not easy, but if you pull it off, it is powerful.

Let me give you few principles to begin to incorporate into your level designs when it comes to relationships:

Relationships to other human beings are more powerful then to material possession. We often times see someone loosing a house or a car or some sort of a possession but in reality when a

person looses something more valuable to them like another person is more emotionally responsive.

If I show you something that creates a sad emotion and then re-introduce it later in the level. I would elicit the same response in you as I did when you first saw it. I now can use this to keep re-introducing through out the level and same emotion will come up.

For example if you do something that happens to the player in the bathroom as in Doom 3. Then everytime the player goes into the bathroom, he/she will have an emotional response to that
environment.

Fable 1 and 2 does the same thing by having the character being re-introduced to the original place where he was born in.

Music can create relationships and make them stronger. Using specific music during crucial parts of your game and during high emotional impact moments will heighten the connection between the player and the character.

Relationship that a character has to their environment could be used to great effect. For example if the character comes back to an environment that they have previously been to and now
it is not the same.

For example in Max Payne, in the beginning of the game his child and his wife are killed by drug addicts who break in. Later in the game through his dreams we get to replay and come back to
the same location. By doing that we already have emotional connection and certain response to that environment. It is such as strong motivator that we want to just run up and undo what was
done in the beginning.

Focus on universal emotions and create situations where you can induce the following emotions within the player. This will require some time and effort. Knowing your situation, your environment and characters involvement within your environment.

Moral Decision

Last part in our five article series is the moral choice that a player makes while playing the game. Generally, morality is a system of rules that modifies our behavior in social situations. It’s about doing of good instead of harm.

Left 4 dead is a good example of moral decision-making.

As you play with 4 other human players you are often have to make certain decisions about your group.

Who will push the button at the finale to call the herd of infected? Will you wait for the last player to cross through to the safe house? Or will you close the door and let them die? Will you risk the safety of three other players and jump down from a good strategic position to help one of your teammates?

Left 4 Dead

You have to stick together and if one character gets lost and attached by infected you as a player have to make a moral decision to leave them die and escape or help them and risk death yourself. Other factors such as your health, how far you are from the safe house point and if other players are helping or running away from it.

All this comes down to moral choice that you consciously have to make. We rarely make decisions all by ourselves. Most of our decision-makings are done within a context of others and within a given situation.

Some games that allow this moral decision-making include Fable and Fable II as well as latest PS3 title Infamous.

In the beginning part of the movie “28 Weeks Later” when infected break into the safe house; the main character has to make a decision to stay or leave his wife. As he and his wife are in the same room, they are separated by the infected. He stays near the door while infected bust in and see his wife, but they don’t see him.

She looks at her husband and yells for help. The main character knows that if he helps, he dies. That moment of decision is the most important element of the moral decision. He chooses to run and shuts the door on her.

As he runs away, we see her at the window right before the infected rips her out form our view. That is very powerful.

28 Weeks Later

In GTA4, one of the missions has 2 outcomes. After establishing a good relationship with both characters in the game you are given a mission to kill one of them. PlayBoyX gives you a mission to kill his friend, who is also your friend. As you are on the way to complete your mission you get a phone call from the guy you need to kill. He says that he needs your help because he thinks PlayboyX is trying to kill him. Now you are faced with a moral dilemma. Who do you kill? Do you go for loyalty and friendship or do you choose money?

So how do you begin to have your player have more of a connection with your game and your level?

Begin by introducing decisions into your game, into your level design it will stand out as a unique and very rare map.

Introduce a choice in player’s path.

Make your characters split up.

Make characters pull levers, as another one has to defend something else.

Introduce choice to the player in a situation with real consequences.

If you established a previous relationship and then give a choice that the player needs to do something drastic that will have real game consequences to the story, environment and your character’s well being, then you are on your way to creating something truly unique and emotionally impactful.（source：part1 part2 part3)